The Comprehensive Systematic Review of Impact of Early Mobilization on Long-term Outcomes in ICU Patients
Keywords:
Early mobilization, intensive care unit, critical illness, long-term outcomes, functional status, ICU-acquired weakness, mechanical ventilation, quality of lifeAbstract
Introduction: Early mobilization in intensive care unit (ICU) patients has been proposed to mitigate the deleterious effects of critical illness, yet its impact on long-term outcomes remains uncertain. This systematic review comprehensively evaluates the effects of early mobilization on long-term functional, cognitive, quality of life, and healthcare utilization outcomes in adult ICU patients.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. We included randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses involving adult ICU patients (≥18 years) who received early mobilization (initiated within 72 hours of ICU admission or mechanical ventilation) compared to standard care or delayed mobilization. Long-term outcomes were defined as those measured at least 30 days post-ICU or hospital discharge. Data were extracted on patient characteristics, mobilization protocols, long-term outcomes, safety, and study quality.
Results: Sixty-eight studies were included, comprising over 30,000 patients. Early mobilization consistently improved short-term functional outcomes, including muscle strength (mean difference 4.47-8.62 points on MRC scale), reduced ICU-acquired weakness (OR 2.04-2.7 for independent functional status), and increased likelihood of walking independently at discharge (OR 2.13) (Patel et al., 2023; Tipping et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2019). However, large randomized controlled trials found no significant improvement in long-term mortality (Hodgson et al., 2022) or quality of life at 6-12 months (Higgins et al., 2025). Notably, one trial demonstrated reduced cognitive impairment at 1 year (24% vs 43%, p=0.0043) (Patel et al., 2023). Subgroup analyses revealed potential harm in diabetic patients receiving high-intensity mobilization (adjusted OR 3.47 for 180-day mortality) (Serpa Neto et al., 2024). Adverse event rates were low (<3%), though the TEAM trial reported more events in the intervention group (9.2% vs 4.1%, p=0.005) (Hodgson et al., 2022).
Discussion: The evidence presents a complex picture where early mobilization yields clear short-term functional benefits that do not consistently translate into improved long-term survival or quality of life. Heterogeneity in protocols, patient populations, and outcome measures limits definitive conclusions.
Conclusion: Early mobilization safely improves in-hospital functional outcomes and reduces healthcare utilization. However, long-term benefits beyond hospital discharge remain unproven, and high-intensity protocols may harm specific subgroups. Individualized, progressive mobilization strategies are recommended.
References
A. Castro-Ávila, P. Serón, E. Fan, M. Gaete, and S. Mickan. “Effect of Early Rehabilitation During Intensive Care Unit Stay on Functional Status: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” PLoS ONE, 2015.
A. Takaoka, R. Utgikar, B. Rochwerg, D. Cook, and M. Kho. “The Efficacy and Safety of in-ICU Leg Cycle Ergometry in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2020.
Aishwarya Rai, Kirti Chouhan, and Shikha Singh. “Effect of Early Mobilisation in Mechanically Ventilated Acquired Brain Injury Patients: An Observational Study.” Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2025.
Alisa M. Higgins, Yong Yi Lee, Michael Bailey, R. Bellomo, K. Brickell, T. Broadley, H. Buhr, et al. “The Cost-Effectiveness of Early Active Mobilization During Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU: An Economic Evaluation Alongside the Treatment of Mechanically Ventilated Adults With Early Activity and Mobilization (TEAM) Trial.” Critical Care Medicine, 2025.
Amanda de Paula Silva, M. C. Oliveira, Suzane de Faria Rodrigues, Cleyton Oliveira de Andrade, and Kelly Aline Rodrigues Costa. “Efeitos Da Mobilização Precoce Em Pacientes Em Uso de Ventilação Mecânica Invasiva Internados Na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto: Revisão Integrativa.” Research, Society and Development, 2024.
Amr M Elsayed, A. Dahroug, and A. Halawa. “Role of Early Progressive Mobilization Protocol on Outcomes of Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Pneumonia,” 2020.
Ary Serpa Neto, Michael Bailey, Daniel Seller, Alicia Agli, R. Bellomo, K. Brickell, T. Broadley, et al. “Impact of High Dose Early Mobilization on Outcomes for Patients with Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of the TEAM Trial.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2024.
Ayaka Matsuoka, S. Yoshihiro, Haruka Shida, Gen Aikawa, Yoshihisa Fujinami, Yusuke Kawamura, N. Nakanishi, et al. “Effects of Mobilization Within 72 h of ICU Admission in Critically Ill Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2023.
B. Patel, A. Pohlman, Jesse B. Hall, and J. Kress. “Impact of Early Mobilization on Glycemic Control and ICU-Acquired Weakness in Critically Ill Patients Who Are Mechanically Ventilated.” Chest, 2014.
B. Patel, K. Wolfe, Shruti B. Patel, K. Dugan, C. Esbrook, A. Pawlik, Megan Stulberg, et al. “Effect of Early Mobilisation on Long-Term Cognitive Impairment in Critical Illness in the USA: A Randomised Controlled Trial.” The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2023.
Bin Chen, Guanli Xie, Yuan Lin, Lian Chen, Zhicheng Lin, Xiao-fang You, Xuemin Xie, et al. “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Early Mobilization Therapy in Patients After Cardiac Surgery.” Medicine, 2021.
C. Creutzfeldt, and C. Hough. “Get Out of Bed: Immobility in the Neurologic ICU.” Critical Care Medicine, 2015.
C. Hodgson, M. Bailey, R. Bellomo, K. Brickell, T. Broadley, H. Buhr, B. Gabbe, et al. “Early Active Mobilization During Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU.” New England Journal of Medicine, 2022.
C. Hodgson, M. Bailey, R. Bellomo, S. Berney, H. Buhr, L. Denehy, B. Gabbe, et al. “A Binational Multicenter Pilot Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial of Early Goal-Directed Mobilization in the ICU*.” Critical Care Medicine, 2016.
C. Winkelman, A. Sattar, Hasina Momotaz, Kimberly D. Johnson, P. Morris, J. Rowbottom, J. Thornton, S. Feeney, and A. Levine. “Dose of Early Therapeutic Mobility: Does Frequency or Intensity Matter?” Biological Research for Nursing, 2018.
Chuanlin Zhang, Xueqin Wang, Jie Mi, Zeju Zhang, Xinyi Luo, Ruiying Gan, and Shaoyu Mu. “Effects of the High-Intensity Early Mobilization on Long-Term Functional Status of Patients with Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit.” Critical Care Research and Practice, 2024.
Claire J. Tipping, M. Harrold, A. Holland, L. Romero, T. Nisbet, and C. Hodgson. “The Effects of Active Mobilisation and Rehabilitation in ICU on Mortality and Function: A Systematic Review.” Intensive Care Medicine, 2017.
D. Campos, T. Bueno, Jackeline S G G Anjos, Daniel Zoppi, Bruno G Dantas, R. Gosselink, R. Guirro, and M. C. Borges. “Early Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Addition to Early Mobilization Improves Functional Status and Decreases Hospitalization Days of Critically Ill Patients.” Critical Care Medicine, 2022.
D. Fraser, Leeanna Spiva, W. Forman, and Caroline Hallen. “Original Research: Implementation of an Early Mobility Program in an ICU.” The American Journal of Nursing, 2015.
D. Mcwilliams, Charlotte Jones, G. Atkins, J. Hodson, T. Whitehouse, T. Veenith, E. Reeves, L. Cooper, and C. Snelson. “Earlier and Enhanced Rehabilitation of Mechanically Ventilated Patients in Critical Care: A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial.” Journal of Critical Care, 2018.
D. Menges, Bianca Seiler, Y. Tomonaga, M. Schwenkglenks, M. Puhan, and Henock G. Yebyo. “Systematic Early Versus Late Mobilization or Standard Early Mobilization in Mechanically Ventilated Adult ICU Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Critical Care, 2021.
D. S. Schujmann, T. Teixeira Gomes, A. Lunardi, Murilo Zoccoler Lamano, Aretha Fragoso, M. Pimentel, C. N. Peso, P. Araujo, and C. Fu. “Impact of a Progressive Mobility Program on the Functional Status, Respiratory and Muscular Systems of ICU Patients: A Randomized and Controlled Trial.” Critical Care Medicine, 2019.
David S. Wang, V. Moitra, and B. Flynn. “Early Mobilization in the Intensive Care Unit: To Rest or to Test?” Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 2023.
Debora Rosa, A. Negro, Ilaria Marcomini, Roberta Pendoni, Beatrice Albabesi, Giovanni Pennino, Stefano Terzoni, A. Destrebecq, and G. Villa. “The Effects of Early Mobilization on Acquired Weakness in Intensive Care Units.” Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing : DCCN, 2023.
Enrique Calvo-Ayala, B. Khan, B. Khan, M. Farber, E. W. Ely, M. Boustani, and Malaz Boustani. “Interventions to Improve the Physical Function of ICU Survivors: A Systematic Review.” Chest, 2013.
F. Rottmann, Christian Noe, X. Bemtgen, S. Maier, A. Supady, T. Wengenmayer, and D. L. Staudacher. “Survival Outcomes and Mobilization During Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” Frontiers in Medicine, 2023.
F. Thiolliére, B. Allaouchiche, Manon Marie, Azurea Study group, A. Friggeri, and C. Vacheron. “The Absence of Rehabilitation During the ICU Stay of Elderly Patients Is Associated with a Decreased Long-Term Autonomy.” 2021.
Fabiano Oliveira da Rocha, Cleide Amorim da Silva, and Ariadme Raiane Sarraff Almeida. “A INFLUÊNCIA DA MOBILIZAÇÃO PRECOCE NA FORÇA MUSCULAR PERIFÉRICA EM PACIENTES CRÍTICOS.” Revista CPAQV. Centro de Pesquisas Avançadas Em Qualidade de Vida, 2024.
H. Al-Dorzi, S. AlQahtani, A. Al-Dawood, F. Al-Hameed, K. Burns, Sangeeta Mehta, J. Jose, et al. “Association of Early Mobility with the Incidence of Deep-Vein Thrombosis and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients: A Post Hoc Analysis of PREVENT Trial.” Critical Care, 2023.
H. Wozniak, Michelle E. Kho, and Eddy Fan. “Early Mobilisation in the Intensive Care Unit: Shifting from Navigating Risks to a Patient-Centred Approach.” The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2024.
Heidi J. Engel, S. Tatebe, Philip B. Alonzo, Rebecca L. Mustille, and M. Rivera. “Physical Therapist–Established Intensive Care Unit Early Mobilization Program: Quality Improvement Project for Critical Care at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center.” Physical Therapy, 2013.
Hsiao-Ching Yen, Hung-Jui Chuang, W. Hsiao, Yun-Chen Tsai, Po-Min Hsu, Wen-Shiang Chen, and Yin-Yi Han. “Assessing the Impact of Early Progressive Mobilization on Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Critical Care, 2024.
I. P. Cruz, Sávio Maia Lopes, Karen Larissa Dias Corrêa, Beatriz De Oliveira Costa, Ingrid Ribeiro de Ribeiro, Jeycianne Holanda de Vasconcelos, Wenderk Martins Soares, J. S. Prazeres, and Andrey Silva Machado. “Mobilização Precoce Na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva/ Early Mobilization in the Intensive Care Unit.” Brazilian Journal of Development, 2021.
Inês Bento, Bruno Ferreira, C. Baixinho, and Maria Adriana Pereira Henriques. “Effectiveness of Early Mobilization and Bed Positioning in the Management of Muscle Weakness in Critically Ill People Under Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in Intensive Care: A Systematic Review of Intervention Literature Protocol.” Nursing Reports, 2025.
J. I. Alvarado Sánchez, L.M. Castillo Morales, Yenny Rocío Cárdenas -Bolívar, Valentina Montañez Nariño, Maria Valentina Stozitzky Ríos, Catherine Lissell Arévalo Guerrero, Miguel Leonardo Pulido Bobadilla, et al. “Efficacy and Safety of the Early Implementation of a Multimodal Rehabilitation Program in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol.” PLoS ONE, 2025.
J. Kress. “Faculty Opinions Recommendation of Early Intensive Care Unit Mobility Therapy in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Failure.” 2009.
J. Maheswaran, Jake Fromowitz, and M. Goldfarb. “Early Mobilization Interventions in the Intensive Care Unit: Ongoing and Unpublished Randomized Trials.” Critical Care Research and Practice, 2020.
J. Saravankumar, Rathna Paramaswamy, Buvanesh Annadurai, Iswarya S, Santhana Lakshmi S S, Surya Vishnuram, J. G N, S. Subramanian, and Senthilkumar N. “Early Mobilization and Its Impact on Recovery in ICU Patients with Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Fizjoterapia Polska, 2024.
J. Saravankumar, Rathna Paramaswamy, Buvanesh Annadurai, S. Iswarya, Santhana S Lakshmi, Surya Vishnuram, G. N. Jeslin, S. Subramanian, and N. Senthilkumar. “Effect of Early Mobilization on Functional Recovery in ICU Patients with Post-COVID ARDS.” Fizjoterapia Polska, 2024.
Jiani Wang, D. Ren, Yue Liu, Yanling Wang, Bohan Zhang, and Qian Xiao. “Effects of Early Mobilization on the Prognosis of Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2020.
Jing-qi Zhou, Chao Zhang, Jidong Zhou, and Chenglong Zhang. “Effect of Early Progressive Mobilization on Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: An Observational Study.” Medicine, 2022.
Jun Zhang, Xinyang Zhao, and Aiping Wang. “[Early Rehabilitation to Prevent Post-Intensive Care Syndrome in Critical Illness Patients: A Meta-Analysis].” Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue, 2019.
K. Carayannopoulos, Dipayan Chaudhuri, Molly McNett, M. C. Balas, Michelle E. Kho, Joanna Stollings, Bethany Young, et al. “Effect of Enhanced Versus Usual Mobilization Activities in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Critical Care Medicine, 2025.
K. Rosenberg. “No Advantage for Early Active Mobilization During Mechanical Ventilation.” The American Journal of Nursing, 2023.
Kate E Klein, J. Bena, Malissa A. Mulkey, and N. Albert. “Sustainability of a Nurse-Driven Early Progressive Mobility Protocol and Patient Clinical and Psychological Health Outcomes in a Neurological Intensive Care Unit.” Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, 2018.
Katherine Doiron, T. Hoffmann, and E. Beller. “Early Intervention (Mobilization or Active Exercise) for Critically Ill Adults in the Intensive Care Unit,” 2013.
Keibun Liu, Junichiro Shibata, Kiyoyasu Fukuchi, Kunihiko Takahashi, T. Sonoo, T. Ogura, and T. Goto. “Optimal Timing of Introducing Mobilization Therapy for ICU Patients with Sepsis.” Journal of Intensive Care, 2022.
Kui Zang, Beibei Chen, Min Wang, Doudou Chen, Liang-liang Hui, Shi-guang Guo, Ting Ji, and Futai Shang. “The Effect of Early Mobilization in Critically Ill Patients: A Meta-Analysis.” Nursing Critical Care, 2020.
L. Salisbury, and T. Walsh. “Moving Forward with Rehabilitation Research in Critical Care*.” Critical Care Medicine, 2013.
Lai Wang, Jihua Zhang, Liping Wu, and Ying Zhou. “[Effect of Early Systemic Rehabilitation on Muscle Strength and Prognosis of Patients Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation in Intensive Care Unit: A Meta-Analysis].” Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue, 2023.
Lijie Wang, Y. Hua, Luping Wang, X. Zou, Yan Zhang, and X. Ou. “The Effects of Early Mobilization in Mechanically Ventilated Adult ICU Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Frontiers in Medicine, 2023.
Liping Yang, Zhigang Zhang, Caiyun Zhang, W. Meng, Jinhui Tian, Xiaojia Ma, Yonghong Zhang, Weigang Yue, Huaping Wei, and X. Shen. “[Early Mobilization on Mortality of Patients with Mechanical Ventilation in Intensive Care Unit After Discharge: A Meta-Analysis].” Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue, 2021.
Lucas Huebner, A. Warmbein, Christina Scharf, Ines Schroeder, Kirsi Manz, I. Rathgeber, Marcus Gutmann, et al. “Effects of Robotic-Assisted Early Mobilization Versus Conventional Mobilization in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Prospective Interventional Cohort Study with Retrospective Control Group Analysis.” Critical Care, 2024.
Luo Ruo Yu, Wang Jia Jia, Wang Meng Tian, Huang Tian Cha, and Jing Ji Yong. “Optimal Timing for Early Mobilization Initiatives in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.” Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, 2023.
M. Munkwitz, R. Hopkins, R. R. Miller III, P. Luckett, and E. Hirshberg. “A Perspective on Early Mobilization for Adult Patients with Respiratory Failure: Lessons for the Pediatric Population.” Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 2010.
M. Paton, R. Lane, E. Paul, Georgina A Cuthburtson, and C. Hodgson. “Mobilization During Critical Illness: A Higher Level of Mobilization Improves Health Status at 6 Months, a Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study.” Critical Care Medicine, 2021.
M. Paton, S. Chan, Ary Serpa Neto, Claire J. Tipping, Anne Stratton, R. Lane, Lorena Romero, T. Broadley, and C. Hodgson. “Association of Active Mobilisation Variables with Adverse Events and Mortality in Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2024.
Maria Aparecida Stroppa de Paula, E. V. Carvalho, R. de Souza Vieira, Cristiane Bastos-Netto, Luciana de Jesus, C. G. Stohler, Gustavo Candiá Arantes, F. Colugnati, M. Reboredo, and B. Pinheiro. “Effect of a Structured Early Mobilization Protocol on the Level of Mobilization and Muscle Strength in Critical Care Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023.
Matthew J. Meyer, Anne B Stanislaus, Jarone Lee, K. Waak, C. Ryan, R. Saxena, Stephanie A. Ball, et al. “Surgical Intensive Care Unit Optimal Mobilisation Score (SOMS) Trial: A Protocol for an International, Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial Focused on Goal-Directed Early Mobilisation of Surgical ICU Patients.” BMJ Open, 2013.
Maximilian Markus, Maximilian Lindholz, Nils Daum, A. Pohrt, E. Azoulay, Maurizio Cecconi, G. Citerio, et al. “Evaluating Early Mobilisation in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: Secondary Analysis from the ESICM UNITE-COVID-II Multicentre Observational Study.” Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine, 2025.
N. Alugubelli, A. Al-Ani, D. Needham, and Ann M. Parker. “Understanding Early Goal-Directed Mobilization in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit.” Annals of Translational Medicine, 2017.
Naishadh Brahmbhatt, Raghavan Murugan, and E. Milbrandt. “Early Mobilization Improves Functional Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients.” Critical Care, 2010.
Nils Daum, Nils Drewniok, Annika Bald, Bernhard Ulm, Alyona Buyukli, Julius J. Grunow, and Stefan J. Schaller. “Early Mobilisation Within 72 Hours After Admission of Critically Ill Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis.” Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, 2023.
P. Morris, L. Griffin, M. Berry, C. Thompson, R. D. Hite, C. Winkelman, R. Hopkins, et al. “Receiving Early Mobility During an Intensive Care Unit Admission Is a Predictor of Improved Outcomes in Acute Respiratory Failure.” American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 2011.
P. Waldauf, Kateřina Jiroutková, A. Krajčová, Z. Puthucheary, and F. Duška. “Effects of Rehabilitation Interventions on Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials*.” Critical Care Medicine, 2020.
Peter E. Morris, A. Goad, C. Thompson, K. Taylor, B. Harry, L. Passmore, Amelia Ross, et al. “Early Intensive Care Unit Mobility Therapy in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Failure*.” Critical Care Medicine, 2008.
Philipp Kloss, Maximilian Lindholz, A. Milnik, E. Azoulay, Maurizio Cecconi, G. Citerio, T. De Corte, et al. “Early Mobilisation in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Subanalysis of the ESICM-Initiated UNITE-COVID Observational Study.” Annals of Intensive Care, 2023.
R. Kwakman, Eric L. Voorn, J. Horn, F. Nollet, R. Engelbert, Juultje Sommers, and M. van der Schaaf. “Steps to Recovery: Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training for Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Critical Care, 2022.
R. S. Queiroz, M. Saquetto, B. P. Martinez, Bianca Bigogno Reis Cazeta, C. Hodgson, and M. Gomes-Neto. “Progressive Active Mobilization with Dose Control and Training Load in Critically Ill Patients (PROMOB): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.” PLoS ONE, 2020.
Ryota Fuke, T. Hifumi, Yutaka Kondo, J. Hatakeyama, Tetsuhiro Takei, K. Yamakawa, S. Inoue, and O. Nishida. “Early Rehabilitation to Prevent Postintensive Care Syndrome in Patients with Critical Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” BMJ Open, 2018.
S. Schaller, F. Scheffenbichler, S. Bose, Nicole L. Mazwi, H. Deng, F. Krebs, C. Seifert, et al. “Influence of the Initial Level of Consciousness on Early, Goal-Directed Mobilization: A Post Hoc Analysis.” Intensive Care Medicine, 2019.
S. Schaller, M. Anstey, M. Blobner, T. Edrich, S. Grabitz, I. Gradwohl-Matis, M. Heim, et al. “Early, Goal-Directed Mobilisation in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit: A Randomised Controlled Trial.” The Lancet, 2016.
S. Watanabe, Keibun Liu, Kensuke Nakamura, R. Kozu, Tatsuya Horibe, K. Ishii, Daisetsu Yasumura, et al. “Association Between Early Mobilization in the ICU and Psychiatric Symptoms After Surviving a Critical Illness: A Multi-Center Prospective Cohort Study.” Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2022.
S. Watanabe, Keibun Liu, Yasunari Morita, Takahiro Kanaya, Yuji Naito, Shuichi Suzuki, and Y. Hasegawa. “Effects of Mobilization Among Critically Ill Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.” Progress in Rehabilitation Medicine, 2022.
Sabrina Eggmann, M. Verra, G. Luder, J. Takala, and S. Jakob. “Effects of Early, Combined Endurance and Resistance Training in Mechanically Ventilated, Critically Ill Patients: A Study Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial.” Trials, 2016.
Saisai Li, Xiulu Xu, Jingjing Hu, and Yuexia Wang. “The Effect of Early Rehabilitation on Therapeutic Outcomes in ICU Patients on Mechanical Ventilation: A Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Artificial Organs, 2025.
Sofia Sancisi, Alessandro Monesi, and Guglielmo Imbrìaco. “La Mobilizzazione Precoce e La Prevenzione Della Intensive Care Unit Acquired Weakness (ICU-AW): Una Revisione Narrativa Della Letteratura.” Scenario<sup>®</Sup> - Il Nursing Nella Sopravvivenza, 2022.
Syed A Khan, Abdul Moeed, Tahreem Mari, Zehra Yousuf, Arthur Hanson, Yue Dong, Patrick Cornelius, H. Anjum, I. Ratnani, and Salim Surani. “Safety and Early Mobilization in Intensive Care Unit Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” World Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 2025.
T. Girard, and P. Pandharipande. “Early Mobilisation During Critical Illness: Good for the Body and Brain.” The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2023.
T. Hoffmann, and G. Tornatore. “Early Physical and Occupational Therapy in Mechanically Ventilated, Critically Ill Patients Resulted in Better Functional Outcomes at Hospital Discharge.” Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 2009.
T. M. P. C. Biazon, Henrique Pott Junior, F. Caruso, José Carlos Bonjorno Júnior, V. Castello-Simões, M. Lazzarini, M. Taconelli, Audrey Borghi-Silva, and R. Mendes. “Effect of Early Multi-Professional Mobilization on Quality Indicators of Intensive Care in a Less Economically Developed Country: An Action on "Rehabilitation 2030" in Brazil: Effects of Early Mobilization in Brazil.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2024.
Tasuku Hanajima, Y. Kawazoe, Takeshi Morimoto, Hitoshi Yamamura, K. Miyamoto, Noriko Miyagawa, Y. Ohta, et al. “Early Rehabilitation for Patients with Septic Shock Associated with Mobilization During Their Intensive Care Unit Stay Without Worsening Mortality: A Multicenter, Prospective, Cohort Study.” Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 2025.
Thatiana Barboza Carnevalli Bueno, Débora Ribeiro Campos, Karina Stefania Marques de Oliveira, R. Gosselink, R. R. de Jesus Guirro, and M. C. Borges. “Long-Term Effects of the Association of Early Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation With Mobilization in Critically Ill Patients.” Critical Care Medicine, 2025.
W. Schweickert, M. Pohlman, A. Pohlman, Celerina Nigos, A. Pawlik, C. Esbrook, Linda Spears, et al. “Early Physical and Occupational Therapy in Mechanically Ventilated, Critically Ill Patients: A Randomised Controlled Trial.” The Lancet, 2009.
Wendie Zhou, Lili Yu, Yuying Fan, Baisheng Shi, Xiaohui Wang, Tianling Chen, Haixia Yu, et al. “Effect of Early Mobilization Combined with Early Nutrition on Acquired Weakness in Critically Ill Patients (EMAS): A Dual-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial.” PLoS ONE, 2022.
Y. Mitobe, Y. Koyama, Hagiko Aoki, U. Shimizu, Y. Muramatsu, Chikayo Koyama, S. Sakai, et al. “Effect of the Early Introduction of Mild Mobilization Performed by Nurses on the Recovery of Patients in the Intensive Care Unit,” 2016.
Y. Okada, T. Unoki, Y. Matsuishi, Yuko Egawa, Kei Hayashida, and S. Inoue. “Early Versus Delayed Mobilization for in-Hospital Mortality and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Intensive Care, 2019.
Yan Hu, Xiaoying Hu, Jia Xiao, and Dongying Li. “[Effect of Early Mobilization on the Physical Function of Patients in Intensive Care Unit: A Meta-Analysis].” Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue, 2019.
Yukie Murooka, Y. Sasabuchi, T. Takazawa, H. Matsui, H. Yasunaga, and Shigeru Saito. “Long-Term Prognosis Following Early Rehabilitation in the ICU: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” Critical Care Medicine, 2023.
Zhiqiang Li, Xiaoxia Peng, B. Zhu, Yingang Zhang, and X. Xi. “Active Mobilization for Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Systematic Review.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2013.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Fadli, Raka Jati Prasetya, Mutia Juliana (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors publishing here keep copyright but grant the journal first publication rights, under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License. They can distribute their work non-exclusively elsewhere with an acknowledgment of its first publication in this journal. Posting the work online before and during submission for earlier and greater citation is encouraged, reflecting Open Access benefits.
