A Comprehensive Systematic Review of The Association between High-Protein Diet and Body Composition in Obese Patients
Keywords:
high-protein diet, obesity, body composition, fat mass, lean body mass, visceral adipose tissue, weight lossAbstract
Introduction: Obesity is a global health concern associated with adverse metabolic outcomes. High-protein diets (HPD) are increasingly utilized for weight management, but their specific effects on body composition in obese populations require comprehensive evaluation. This systematic review aims to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials examining the association between HPD and body composition changes in obese adults.
Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials, etc published up to 2024 was conducted. Studies included obese adults (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) comparing HPD (≥1.2 g/kg body weight/day or >20% total energy from protein) with standard-protein diets. Primary outcomes included changes in total body weight, fat mass, lean body mass, and regional adiposity. Data were extracted on protein intervention details, comparison groups, population characteristics, and outcome measurements.
Results: Eighty studies comprising over 4,300 participants were included. HPD produced significantly greater weight loss (additional 0.67 kg; 95% CI: -0.23, -0.03) and fat mass reduction (additional 0.57 kg; 95% CI: -0.24, -0.04) compared to standard-protein diets (1,64). Lean mass preservation favored HPD (0.43 kg; 95% CI: 0.09-0.78) (2). Visceral and trunk fat reductions were consistently greater with HPD, particularly in individuals with elevated triglycerides (5,8). Protein intake exceeding 1.3 g/kg/day was associated with muscle mass preservation, while intakes below 1.0 g/kg/day increased muscle loss risk (9). Combining HPD with resistance exercise produced superior outcomes (6,7). Sex-specific responses were observed, with men losing more trunk fat and women more subcutaneous fat (20,27). Genetic variants (FTO, TFAP2B) modulated individual responses (3,73).
Discussion: HPD confer modest but clinically meaningful benefits for body composition during energy restriction, primarily through enhanced fat loss and preferential visceral adipose tissue reduction. Lean mass preservation depends on achieving adequate protein thresholds (>1.3 g/kg/day), even protein distribution across meals (≥30 g/meal), and concurrent resistance exercise. Metabolic status, age, and genetic factors influence individual responses. Long-term adherence remains challenging, with protein intakes converging between groups over 12-24 months.
Conclusion: High-protein diets (1.2-1.6 g/kg/day or 25-35% total energy) are effective for improving body composition in obese adults, particularly when combined with resistance exercise and structured meal plans. Future research should focus on personalized approaches based on genetic and metabolic phenotypes.
References
Y. Vogtschmidt, A. Raben, I. Faber, et al (2021) Is protein the forgotten ingredient: Effects of higher compared to lower protein diets on cardiometabolic risk factors. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Atherosclerosis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.011
T. Wycherley, L. Moran, P. Clifton, et al (2012) Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.044321
Xiaomin Zhang, Q. Qi, Cuilin Zhang, et al (2012) FTO Genotype and 2-Year Change in Body Composition and Fat Distribution in Response to Weight-Loss Diets. Diabetes. https://doi.org/10.2337/db11-1799
A. Josse, Stephanie A. Atkinson, M. Tarnopolsky, Stuart M Phillips (2011) Increased Consumption of Dairy Foods and Protein during Diet- and Exercise-Induced Weight Loss Promotes Fat Mass Loss and Lean Mass Gain in Overweight and Obese Premenopausal Women. Journal of NutriLife. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.141028
P. Clifton, K. Bastiaans, J. Keogh (2009) High protein diets decrease total and abdominal fat and improve CVD risk profile in overweight and obese men and women with elevated triacylglycerol. NMCD Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2008.10.006
A. Verreijen, M. Engberink, R. Memelink, et al (2017) Effect of a high protein diet and/or resistance exercise on the preservation of fat free mass during weight loss in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrix Journal. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-017-0229-6
D. Layman, E. Evans, J. Baum, et al (2005) Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women. Journal of NutriLife. https://doi.org/10.1093/JN/135.8.1903
M. Noakes, J. Keogh, Paul R Foster, P. Clifton (2005) Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/81.6.1298
Y. Kokura, J. Ueshima, Y. Saino, Maeda Keisuke (2024) Enhanced protein intake on maintaining muscle mass, strength, and physical function in adults with overweight/obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.030
D. Layman, E. Evans, D. Erickson, et al (2009) A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. Journal of NutriLife. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.099440
D. D. de Luis, O. Izaola, R. Aller, et al (2015) Effects of a high-protein/low carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet on adipocytokine levels and insulin resistance in obese patients along 9 months. Journal of diabetes and its complications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.06.002
P. Arciero, Rohan Edmonds, Feng He, et al (2016) Protein-Pacing Caloric-Restriction Enhances Body Composition Similarly in Obese Men and Women during Weight Loss and Sustains Efficacy during Long-Term Weight Maintenance. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080476
K. N. Porter Starr, M. Orenduff, S. McDonald, et al (2019) Influence of Weight Reduction and Enhanced Protein Intake on Biomarkers of Inflammation in Older Adults with Obesity. Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics. https://doi.org/10.1080/21551197.2018.1564200
Zhaoping Li, L. Treyzon, Steve Chen, et al (2009) Safety and Efficacy of Protein‐Enriched Meal Replacements over 12 months. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.213.6
K. N. Porter Starr, M. Connelly, M. Orenduff, et al (2019) Impact on cardiometabolic risk of a weight loss intervention with higher protein from lean red meat: Combined results of 2 randomized controlled trials in obese middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Clinical Lipidology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2019.09.012
K. Starr, Michael S. Borack, K. Lyles, et al (2020) Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk in Obese Older Adults 12 Months After Completion of a 6-Month Higher Protein Diet and Exercise Intervention. Current Developments in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_067
V. Marco-Benedí, S. Pérez-Calahorra, A. Bea, et al (2020) High-protein energy-restricted diets induce greater improvement in glucose homeostasis but not in adipokines comparing to standard-protein diets in early-onset diabetic adults with overweight or obesity. Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.06.005
S. Gulati, Anoop Misra, Rajneesh Tiwari, et al (2017) Effect of high-protein meal replacement on weight and cardiometabolic profile in overweight/obese Asian Indians in North India. British Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517001295
Patricia Naomi Sakae, Anita L R Saldanha, Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca, et al (2021) Traditional weight loss and dukan diets as to nutritional and laboratory results. Journal of Food Science and Nutritional Disorders. https://doi.org/10.55124/jfsn.v1i1.73
Minghua Tang, H. Leidy, W. Campbell (2013) Regional, but not total, body composition changes in overweight and obese adults consuming a higher protein, energy-restricted diet are sex specific. Nutrition Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2013.05.012
P. Arciero, C. Gentile, R. Pressman, et al (2008) Moderate protein intake improves total and regional body composition and insulin sensitivity in overweight adults. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.015
K. Beavers, B. Nesbit, J. Kiel, et al (2018) Effect of an Energy-Restricted, Nutritionally Complete, Higher Protein Meal Plan on Body Composition and Mobility in Older Adults With Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly146
M. Gordon, M. Bopp, Linda Easter, et al (2008) Effects of dietary protein on the composition of weight loss in post-menopaus al women. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02983202
N. Luscombe, P. Clifton, M. Noakes, et al (2003) Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on weight loss and energy expenditure after weight stabilization in hyperinsulinemic subjects. International Journal of Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802270
L. Treyzon, Steve Chen, K. Hong, et al (2008) A controlled trial of protein enrichment of meal replacements for weight reduction with retention of lean body mass. Nutrix Journal. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-7-23
F. Stentz, A. Brewer, J. Wan, et al (2016) Remission of pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance in obese adults with high protein versus high carbohydrate diet: randomized control trial. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000258
E. Evans, M. Mojtahedi, M. Thorpe, et al (2012) Effects of protein intake and gender on body composition changes: a randomized clinical weight loss trial. Nutrition and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-9-55
S. Soenen, A. Bonomi, Sofie G. T. Lemmens, et al (2012) Relatively high-protein or ‘low-carb’ energy-restricted diets for body weight loss and body weight maintenance? Physiology and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.08.004
C. Bales, K. N. Porter Starr, M. Orenduff, et al (2017) Influence of Protein Intake, Race, and Age on Responses to a Weight-Reduction Intervention in Obese Women. Current Developments in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3945/cdn.117.000703
Joshua L. Hudson, Jing Zhou, W. Campbell (2020) Consuming an Energy-Restricted US Healthy-Style Eating Pattern Moderate or High in Protein Confers Comparable Changes in Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Health. Current Developments in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_029
F. Stentz, D. Lawson, Sidney Tucker, et al (2022) Decreased cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation with remission of type 2 diabetes in adults with obesity using a high protein diet: Randomized control trial. Obesity Pillars. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100047
Denise A Walker Lasker, E. Evans, D. Layman (2008) Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical trial. Nutrition and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-5-30
K. Starr, J. Rincker, S. Vliet, et al (2020) Impact of a Higher (Dairy) Protein Weight Loss Intervention on Function and Body Composition in Obese Older Adults with Limited Functional Performance. Current Developments in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_068
Jia Jiet Lim, Yutong Liu, Louise W. W. Lu, et al (2022) Does a Higher Protein Diet Promote Satiety and Weight Loss Independent of Carbohydrate Content? An 8-Week Low-Energy Diet (LED) Intervention. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030538
H. Leidy, Minghua Tang, Cheryl L. H. Armstrong, et al (2011) The Effects of Consuming Frequent, Higher Protein Meals on Appetite and Satiety During Weight Loss in Overweight/Obese Men. Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.203
D. Baer, K. Stote, B. Clevidence, et al (2006) Whey protein decreases body weight and fat in supplemented overweight and obese adults. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.20.4.A427
Joshua L. Hudson, Jing Zhou, Jung Eun Kim, W. Campbell (2020) Incorporating Milk Protein Isolate into an Energy-Restricted Western-Style Eating Pattern Augments Improvements in Blood Pressure and Triglycerides, but Not Body Composition Changes in Adults Classified as Overweight or Obese: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030851
K. Speaker, J. Peters, Hannah K Nelson, et al (2017) Effects of Consuming a High Protein Diet With or Without Soy Protein on Transformative Weight Loss and Maintenance; a Non‐Inferiority, Randomized Clinical Efficacy Trial. The FASEB Journal. https://doi.org/10.1096/FASEBJ.31.1_SUPPLEMENT.643.24
R. Sayer, K. Speaker, Zhaoxing Pan, et al (2017) Body Fat Changes in The Beef WISE Study: Beef's Role in Weight Improvement, Satisfaction, and Energy. The FASEB Journal. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.652.19
K. Starr, K. Lyles, Marshall Miller, et al (2019) Bone Mineral Density Responses to Obesity Reduction with Enhanced Protein: Short Term Results in Functionally Frail Older Adults (OR18-04-19). Current Developments in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz028.OR18-04-19
Jing Zhou, Jung Eun Kim, W. Campbell (2015) Effects of Milk Protein Concentrate on Energy Restriction‐Induced Changes in Body Composition and Indices of Metabolic Syndrome. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.595.22
E. Evans, D. Layman, P. Kris-Etherton (2006) Protein rich weight loss diet enhances body composition changes and maintenance of weight loss. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.20.4.A426-a
S. Kritchevsky, L. Easter, M. Lyles, et al (2006) Dietary protein affects the composition of weight loss in post‐menopausal women. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.20.4.A142-c
(2008) Moderate protein intake improves change in lean to fat ratio after 1 year of weight loss in adults. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.442.6
P. Arciero, R. Pressman, B. Nindl, et al (2004) Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity and Body Composition Following 12wk Dietary and Exercise Interventions in Obese Subjects. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01163
D. Sukumar, Robert Zurfluh, Jane Kwon, et al (2009) Effect of protein intake and weight loss on bone in overweight‐obese postmenopausal women. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.108.4
E. Evans, K. L. Heinrichs, D. Layman (2004) Does Protein Intake During Weight Loss Affect Bone Mineral Content and Density. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-00456
G. Brinkworth, M. Noakes, J. Keogh, et al (2004) Long-term effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. International Journal of Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802617
B. Parker, M. Noakes, N. Luscombe, P. Clifton (2002) Effect of a high-protein, high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. https://doi.org/10.2337/DIACARE.25.3.425
R. Sammarco, M. Marra, M. L. Di Guglielmo, et al (2017) Evaluation of Hypocaloric Diet With Protein Supplementation in Middle-Aged Sarcopenic Obese Women: A Pilot Study. Obesity Facts. https://doi.org/10.1159/000468153
Joan Jutamulia, Adventia Natali Paranoan, Septian Ika Prasetya, et al (2018) Comparison of body composition changes between low calorie high protein diet to standard protein in obese individuals with weight cycling – a randomised trial. https://doi.org/10.12688/F1000RESEARCH.13300.1
T. Larsen, S. Dalskov, M. V. Baak, et al (2010) Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1007137
R. Mateo-Gallego, V. Marco-Benedí, S. Pérez-Calahorra, et al (2017) Energy-restricted, high-protein diets more effectively impact cardiometabolic profile in overweight and obese women than lower-protein diets. Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.018
S. Soenen, E. Martens, A. Hochstenbach-Waelen, et al (2013) Normal protein intake is required for body weight loss and weight maintenance, and elevated protein intake for additional preservation of resting energy expenditure and fat free mass. Journal of NutriLife. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.167593
S. Yilmaz, G. Eskici, C. Mertoğlu, A. Ayaz (2021) Effect of different protein diets on weight loss, inflammatory markers, and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_611_20
T. Wycherley, J. Buckley, M. Noakes, et al (2013) Comparison of the effects of weight loss from a high-protein versus standard-protein energy-restricted diet on strength and aerobic capacity in overweight and obese men. European Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-012-0338-0
A. Verreijen, S. Verlaan, M. Engberink, et al (2015) A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D-enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.090290
L. T. Morenga, Sheila M. Williams, Rachel C. Brown, J. Mann (2010) Effect of a relatively high-protein, high-fiber diet on body composition and metabolic risk factors in overweight women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.163
Ismael Campos-Nonato, Lucía Hernández, S. Barquera (2017) Effect of a High-Protein Diet versus Standard-Protein Diet on Weight Loss and Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Obesity Facts. https://doi.org/10.1159/000471485
Lisa A. Te Morenga, M. T. Levers, S. Williams, et al (2011) Comparison of high protein and high fiber weight-loss diets in women with risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. Nutrix Journal. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-40
Itziar Abete, Dolores Parra, B. Martínez, et al (2009) Effects of two energy-restricted diets differing in the carbohydrate/protein ratio on weight loss and oxidative changes of obese men. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480802232625
A. R. Skov, N. Haulrik, S. Toubro, et al (2002) Effect of protein intake on bone mineralization during weight loss: a 6-month trial. Obesity Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/OBY.2002.60
L. Azadbakht, Vajihe Izadi, P. Surkan, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh (2013) Effect of a High Protein Weight Loss Diet on Weight, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Cardiovascular Risk among Overweight and Obese Women: A Parallel Clinical Trial. International Journal of Endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/971724
Y. Vogtschmidt, A. Raben, I. Faber, et al (2021) Higher Compared to Lower Protein Show Favourable Effects on Weight Loss and Fat Mass – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current Developments in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1093/CDN/NZAB053_095
J. Bowen, M. Noakes, P. Clifton (2005) Effect of calcium and dairy foods in high protein, energy-restricted diets on weight loss and metabolic parameters in overweight adults. International Journal of Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802895
Chiao-Nan Chen, Kuo-Jen Hsu, Kuei-Yu Chien, Jeu-Jung Chen (2021) Effects of Combined High-Protein Diet and Exercise Intervention on Cardiometabolic Health in Middle-Aged Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.705282
Emp Backx, M. Tieland, KJ Borgonjen-van den Berg, et al (2016) Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults. International Journal of Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.182
M. Mojtahedi, M. Thorpe, D. C. Karampinos, et al (2011) The effects of a higher protein intake during energy restriction on changes in body composition and physical function in older women. The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr120
Christian S Wright, Jing Zhou, R. Sayer, et al (2018) Effects of a High-Protein Diet Including Whole Eggs on Muscle Composition and Indices of Cardiometabolic Health and Systemic Inflammation in Older Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070946
N. Luscombe-Marsh, M. Noakes, G. Wittert, et al (2005) Carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein are equally effective at promoting fat loss and improving blood lipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/81.4.762
Eva Pedersen, D. Jesudason, D. Jesudason, et al (2014) High protein weight loss diets in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. NMCD Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2013.11.003
H. Mehrabani, S. Salehpour, Z. Amiri, et al (2012) Beneficial Effects of a High-Protein, Low-Glycemic-Load Hypocaloric Diet in Overweight and Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Study. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2012.10720017
T. Stocks, L. Ängquist, J. Hager, et al (2013) TFAP2B-Dietary Protein and Glycemic Index Interactions and Weight Maintenance after Weight Loss in the DiOGenes Trial. Human Heredity. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353591
J. Bowen, M. Noakes, P. Clifton (2004) A high dairy protein, high-calcium diet minimizes bone turnover in overweight adults during weight loss. Journal of NutriLife. https://doi.org/10.1093/JN/134.3.568
Daniel Antonio de Luis, O. Izaola, D. Primo, R. Aller (2019) Different effects of high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus standard hypocaloric diet on insulin resistance and lipid profile: role of rs16147 variant of neuropeptide Y. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107825
L. Moran, G. Brinkworth, S. Martin, et al (2016) Long-Term Effects of a Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing High Protein or High Carbohydrate Weight Loss Diets on Testosterone, SHBG, Erectile and Urinary Function in Overweight and Obese Men. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161297
M. Drummen, E. Dorenbos, A. Vreugdenhil, et al (2018) Long-term effects of increased protein intake after weight loss on intrahepatic lipid content and implications for insulin sensitivity: a PREVIEW study. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00162.2018
M. Serra, D. Beavers, R. Henderson, et al (2019) Effects of a Hypocaloric, Nutritionally Complete, Higher Protein Meal Plan on Regional Body Fat and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Older Adults with Obesity. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1159/000497066
C. Johnston, B. Sears, Mary Perry, Jessica R. Knurick (2017) Use of Novel High-Protein Functional Food Products as Part of a Calorie-Restricted Diet to Reduce Insulin Resistance and Increase Lean Body Mass in Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111182
Wei Chen, Yanjun Liu, Qinbing Yang, et al (2016) The Effect of Protein-Enriched Meal Replacement on Waist Circumference Reduction among Overweight and Obese Chinese with Hyperlipidemia. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2014.989625
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Fadli, Hendandy Driya Pamungkas (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors publishing here keep copyright but grant the journal first publication rights, under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License. They can distribute their work non-exclusively elsewhere with an acknowledgment of its first publication in this journal. Posting the work online before and during submission for earlier and greater citation is encouraged, reflecting Open Access benefits.
