COMPLICATIONS OF TRACHEOSTOMY IN CHILDREN : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Keywords:
Complication, Children, Granulation, Intensive Care, TracheostomyAbstract
Tracheostomy is the term that is used to describe an opening that has been created in the trachea, whereas tracheotomy is the phrase that is solely used to refer to the act of producing an incision in the trachea. Tracheostomy is a term that was first coined in the 1960s to describe an opening that had been created in the trachea. When there is a sudden or prolonged obstruction of the upper airway, a tracheostomy can be performed to help bypass the obstruction. Although tracheostomy is sometimes performed as a last-ditch effort in the treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea, the procedure is rarely used as an initial method of treatment. A tracheostomy is performed in place of an endotracheal tube in patients who need artificial ventilation for an extended period of time. Those who have inadequate control of their secretions and suffer from chronic aspiration may benefit from having a tracheostomy performed because it gives them access to deep pulmonary suctioning. Those who are born with or develop subglottic stenosis as a result of medical treatment may be able to circumvent this obstruction with the use of a tracheostomy. The potential for complications after surgery can be divided into two groups: intraoperative and postoperative, with the latter group being further subdivided into early and late postoperative difficulties. The findings of this research point to a diverse set of potential scenarios regarding the prevalence and distribution of these issues. This article demonstrates that granulation were the most common problems that we encountered in the research that were conducted above as recently as 2017. In tracheostomized patients, death is a possible unwelcome event. Most of the time, it is unrelated to the procedure and occurs as a result of the progression of the underlying disease.
References
Dhingra PL; Dhingra S. Disease of Ear Nose and Throat. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016. 47–50 p.
Mitchell RB, Hussey HM, Setzen G, Jacobs IN, Nussenbaum B, Dawson C, et al. Clinical Consensus Statement: Tracheostomy Care. Otolaryngol Neck Surg [Internet]. 2012 Sep 18;148(1):6–20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599812460376
Strychowsky JE, Albert D, Chan K, Cheng A, Daniel SJ, De Alarcon A, et al. International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) consensus recommendations: Routine peri-operative pediatric tracheotomy care. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2016;86:250–5. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165587616300222
Marshall V, Holt F, Crowe S. Tracheostomy as a Comfort Measure in Children With Life-Limiting Conditions. J Palliat Care [Internet]. 2017 Jul 1;32(3–4):89–91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0825859717740064
Dal’Astra APL, Quirino AV, Caixêta JA de S, Avelino MAG. Tracheostomy in childhood: review of the literature on complications and mortality over the last three decades. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;83(2):207–14.
Campisi P, Forte V. Pediatric tracheostomy. Semin Pediatr Surg [Internet]. 2016;25(3):191–5. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055858616000287
Gergin O, Adil EA, Kawai K, Watters K, Moritz E, Rahbar R. Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: Has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol [Internet]. 2016;87:144–7. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165587616301598
Fuller C, Wineland AM, Richter GT. Update on Pediatric Tracheostomy: Indications, Technique, Education, and Decannulation. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep [Internet]. 2021;9(2):188–99. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-021-00340-y
Prodhan P, Agarwal A, ElHassan NO, Bolin EH, Beam B, Garcia X, et al. Tracheostomy Among Infants With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Undergoing Cardiac Operations: A Multicenter Analysis. Ann Thorac Surg [Internet]. 2017 Apr 1;103(4):1308–14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.09.016
Syed KA, Naina P, Pokharel A, John M, Varghese AM. Paediatric tracheostomy: A modified technique and its outcomes, results from a South Indian tertiary care. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Mar;118:6–10.
Maunsell R, Avelino M, Caixeta Alves J, Semenzati G, Lubianca Neto JF, Krumenauer R, et al. Revealing the needs of children with tracheostomies. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2018 Sep;135(5S):S93–7.
Feehs KR, Maslan JT, Kirse DJ. Superiorly-based turnover skin flap: Pediatric tracheocutaneous fistula closure. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018 Apr;107:21–4.
Shay S, Shapiro NL, Bhattacharyya N. Revisits after pediatric tracheotomy: Airway concerns result in returns. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018 Jan;104:5–9.
Schweiger C, Manica D, Becker CF, Abreu LSP, Manzini M, Sekine L, et al. Tracheostomy in children: a ten-year experience from a tertiary center in southern Brazil. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;83(6):627–32.
Schwarz Y, Muhanna N, Raveh D, Shaul C, Shahroor S, Peleg U, et al. Starplasty tracheostomy: case series and literature review. Eur Arch oto-rhino-laryngology Off J Eur Fed Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Soc Affil with Ger Soc Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head Neck Surg. 2017 May;274(5):2261–6.
Johnson‐Obaseki S, Veljkovic A, Javidnia H. Complication rates of open surgical versus percutaneous tracheostomy in critically ill patients. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(11):2459–67.
Klotz R, Probst P, Deininger M, Klaiber U, Grummich K, Diener MK, et al. Percutaneous versus surgical strategy for tracheostomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of perioperative and postoperative complications. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 2018;403:137–49.
Watters KF. Tracheostomy in Infants and Children. Respir Care. 2017 Jun;62(6):799–825.
Douglas CM, Poole-Cowley J, Morrissey S, Kubba H, Clement WA, Wynne D. Paediatric tracheostomy-An 11 year experience at a Scottish paediatric tertiary referral centre. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015 Oct;79(10):1673–6.
Pereira KD, MacGregor AR, Mitchell RB. Complications of neonatal tracheostomy: a 5-year review. Otolaryngol neck Surg Off J Am Acad Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 2004 Dec;131(6):810–3.
Song J-J, Choi IJ, Chang H, Kim DW, Chang HW, Park G-H, et al. Pediatric tracheostomy revisited: a nine-year experience using horizontal intercartilaginous incision. Laryngoscope. 2015 Feb;125(2):485–92.
García-Urabayen D, López-Fernández YM, Pilar-Orive J, Nieto-Faza M, Gil-Antón J, López-Bayón J, et al. [Analysis of tracheostomies in a pediatric intensive care unit during the period 2003-2013]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2016 Jan;84(1):18–23.
Carr MM, Poje CP, Kingston L, Kielma D, Heard C. Complications in pediatric tracheostomies. Laryngoscope. 2001 Nov;111(11 Pt 1):1925–8.
Al-Samri M, Mitchell I, Drummond DS, Bjornson C. Tracheostomy in children: a population-based experience over 17 years. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010 May;45(5):487–93.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jeremy Stephen Hermanto, Andrew Theodorous Timothy, Mellvin Telasman (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors publishing here keep copyright but grant the journal first publication rights, under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License. They can distribute their work non-exclusively elsewhere with an acknowledgment of its first publication in this journal. Posting the work online before and during submission for earlier and greater citation is encouraged, reflecting Open Access benefits.
